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• May 16, 2025
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Hey! Are you preparing for the UGC-NET English Literature Exam? Yes! But are you focusing on your Paper I preparation? Not so much! We know it! You must be wondering why Paper I is so important? Hmm…because it is scoring and it will help you to understand various challenges you might ever face in your teaching or research careers. Additionally, it equips you with different teaching strategies, research techniques, communication styles, citation styles, and various ICT tools that you can use as teaching aids, laws and policies related to higher education which will help you to understand the higher education system. You have so much to gain from understanding the key concepts in your UGC-NET syllabus Paper I PDF. Today, we are going to discuss some of the key types of communication. Before that we will briefly discuss the definition and meaning of communication, challenges in communication, and other things related to communication. Are you ready? Definitely! Don’t forget to sit with your notebook and pen. Remember one other thing: the topics covered in UGC-NET syllabus Paper I PDF are practical and influenced by daily life. If you take care of Paper I, your knowledge will help you to solve challenges in your daily life too. Avoid ignoring Paper I at any cost!

Let’s discuss communication today!

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What is communication?

You know in your UGC-NET/JRF exam, you are often asked about the communication process. They also ask this common question: what does communication include? We are going to deal with these questions in a detailed manner. Now, let’s find out what communication is.

Communication is a process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, feelings, and emotions through speech, gestures, writing, or behaviour. Communication is a dialogue, not a monologue. Therefore, effective communication is concerned with dual listening process.

Characteristics of communication

1. Two-Way Process
   • Involves both sender and receiver
   • Requires feedback for completion
2. Continuous Process
   • Ongoing in nature; we are always communicating—even through silence
3. Dynamic and Ever-changing
   • Adapts to context, culture, medium, and time

1. Goal-Oriented / Purposeful
   • Aims to inform, persuade, entertain, or motivate
2. Contextual
   • Influenced by cultural, social, psychological, and environmental factors
3. Systematic Process
   • Follows a defined structure: sender → message → channel → receiver → feedback
4. Symbolic
   • Uses symbols, such as words, gestures, signs, or visuals
5. Mutual Understanding
   • Effective communication ensures shared meaning between sender and receiver
6. Irreversible
   • Once a message is sent and received, it cannot be taken back.
7. Can be Verbal or Non-verbal
   • Spoken/written (verbal) or body language, expressions, visuals (non-verbal)
8. May be Formal or Informal
   • Structured and official or casual and personal
9. Influenced by Noise
   • Barriers (physical, semantic, psychological) can distort meaning
10. Requires a Medium
    • The channel through which communication occurs (e.g., oral, written, digital)

Types of Communication

Application-based questions on types of communication are generally asked in the UGC-NET Paper I exam. There are various types of communication that you can use in your personal and professional lives.

1. Communication channels

Based on the communication channels, there are two types of communication: verbal and non-verbal.

Verbal Communication

It refers to the form of communication in which a message is transmitted verbally. This could be further divided into oral communication and written communication.

In oral communication, spoken words are used. This may include face-to-face conversations, speech, telephonic conversations, video, radio, television, voice-over-internet. There is a huge role of pitch, volume, sound, and clarity in oral communication.

Written Communication

In written communication, written signs and symbols are used to communicate. A written message may be printed or hand-written. In written messages, the communication can be done via email, letter, report, memo. The message in the written communication is influenced by vocabulary and grammar used, writing style, precision, clarity of the language used.

Non-Verbal Communication

It is about the body language of the speaker. This includes gestures, body language, posture, tone of voice, or facial expressions. It has three elements: appearance, body language, and sounds.

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1. Based on Purpose and Style

There are two types of communication variants based on purpose and style: Formal Communication and Informal Communication.

Formal Communication

In formal communication, certain rules, conventions, and principles are followed while communicating a message. Formal communication takes place in professional settings, corporate meetings, conferences. In formal communication, we avoid using slang and foul language. We also need to understand the organizational hierarchy while communicating formally.

Informal Communication

It is focused on social affiliations of members in an organization and face-to-face discussions. It happens among friends and family. We can use slang or foul language. Usually, informal communication is done orally and using gestures. Informal communication does not follow authority lines. In an organization, this helps in finding out staff grievances because people express more when talking informally. It helps in building relationships.

Types of Informal Communication

1. Lateral/Horizontal
2. Diagonal
3. Grapevine

Types of communication in an organization

There are two types of communication taking place in an organization: Internal Communication and External Communication.

Internal Communication

Communication within an organization is called internal communication. It includes all communication within an organization. Under internal communication, we have upward communication and downward communication.

Upward communication is the flow of information from subordinates to superiors, or from employees to management.

In contrast, downward communication is the information flowing from top to people in the organization about mission, goals, objectives, targets, and policies.

Both downward and upward communication styles form “Vertical Communication.”

Horizontal/Lateral Communication

This type of communication involves coordinating information, and allows people with similar rank in an organization to cooperate or collaborate. It is essential for accomplishing tasks, improving teamwork, solving problems, building goodwill, and boosting efficiency.

Diagonal Communication

It includes the horizontal flow of information among people at the same or similar organizational levels and the diagonal flow, among people at different levels who have no direct reporting relationship with one another.

Grapevine

It is an informal, personal, or unofficial communication channel or system that takes place within the organization as a result of rumour or gossip. It is a complex web of oral information flow linking all the members of the organization.

External Communication

Communication with people outside of the organization is called external communication.

Types of Communication Based on Receivers

There are four types of communication based on the number of receivers.

Intra-personal communication: It refers to talking to oneself in one’s own mind.

Interpersonal communication: It is the exchange of facts, information and messages between two persons.

Group Communication: It is an extension of interpersonal communication where more than two persons are involved.

Mass communication: It refers to imparting and exchanging of information on a large scale to a wide range of people.

Communication Process (Cycle):

1. Sender (Source) – Originator of the message
2. Encoding – Converting ideas into symbols, words, or gestures
3. Message – The actual content being communicated
4. Channel/Medium – The method used (e.g. verbal, written, visual)
5. Receiver – Target of the message
6. Decoding – Interpreting the message
7. Feedback – Receiver’s response
8. Noise – Any disturbance that distorts the message

Important Communication Models:

1. Shannon–Weaver Model (1948) – Mathematical Model:

Linear model with 5 elements:
Source → Transmitter → Channel → Receiver → Destination

• Introduced concept of “noise”
• Focus on technical efficiency

2. Berlo’s SMCR Model:

Source → Message → Channel → Receiver

• Emphasizes human components
• Each factor affects the message quality

3. Schramm’s Model:

Adds the concept of “Field of Experience”

• Communication only effective if sender and receiver share common background/understanding
• Introduces feedback

Barriers to Communication (Noise):

7 Cs of Effective Communication:

1. Clear
2. Concise
3. Concrete
4. Correct
5. Coherent
6. Complete
7. Courteous

We hope you enjoyed reading the different types of communication styles, models, and other aspects. If you would like to read detailed blogs on such topics, do follow us!

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